Here are multiple-choice questions along with their answers and detailed explanations:
Question 1. Which of the following traits is NOT a main trait of Aves or Reptilia but rather exclusive to mammals?
A) Amniotic eggB) Endothermy (warm-bloodedness)
D) Glands mammary
D) Mammary glands
Answer: D) Mammary glands
Explanation .
Amniotic eggs: Reptilia and Aves both lay amniotic eggs (eggs with a protective membrane and yolk). Although most animals have lost the shelled egg and grow their young inside, their forebears also had amniotic eggs and they keep the amnion during embryonic development.
Endothermy: Aves are entirely endothermic. Most are ectothermic (cold-blooded), however certain reptiles can show a little endothermy (like leatherback sea turtles). Mammals are also warm-blooded. So, both birds and animals have this quality.
Presence of scales (at least in some form): Reptiles are well-known for their scaly skin. Birds' feet and legs are scaled. Some animals, like pangolins, also have scales. So, this is not a unique trait of mammals.
A defining and distinguishing feature of all animals, mammary glands are those that provide milk to feed their offspring. Birds and reptiles lack actual mammary glands.
Question 2. Which of the following characteristics is a major adaptation enabling Aves (birds) for flight and is not usually present in Reptilia or Mammalia in the same specialised form?
A) Lung presence for breathing
B) Four-chambered heart
C) Air sac and lightweight skeleton
D) Fertilisation inside the body
Answer. C) Lightweight skeleton with air sacs
Explanation
Though the form and efficiency may differ, all three groups—Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia—have lungs for respiration.
Both mammals and birds have four-chambered hearts, which help them completely separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood, hence sustaining their high metabolic rates. Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart; some, like crocodiles, have a four-chambered heart.
Birds have a very particular skeletal architecture suited for flight: lightweight skeleton with air sacs. Often hollow, their bones are packed with air sacs, extensions of the respiratory system. This offers structural support and helps in effective breathing, thus much lowering their weight. Although certain reptiles have air holes in bones and mammals have air-filled sinuses in the skull, neither species has the large network of air sacs linked to a lightweight, hollow skeleton typical of birds.
Mammals, birds, and many reptiles undergo internal fertilisation. For flying, it is not a characteristic exclusive to birds.
Question 3. Which of the following is a characteristic feature commonly observed in Reptilia but not typically found in Mammalia or Aves?
A) Metabolism of endothermic
B) Laying amniotic eggs on land
Endothermic metabolism: Birds and mammals are mostly endothermic. Most reptiles are ectothermic, depending on outside heat to control their body temperature.
Laying shelled eggs on land (amniotic eggs): While mammals evolved from amniote ancestors, most extant mammals are viviparous (give birth to live young) and have lost the shelled egg. Though they are different from the leathery or hard-shelled eggs deposited by most reptiles, birds lay shelled amniotic eggs. Reptiles are defined by depositing amniotic eggs on land with a leathery or hard shell.
Hair or fur is a distinguishing trait of mammals; it is not present in reptiles or birds; birds have feathers, which are structurially different.
Parental care of children: All three categories show different degrees of parental care. While many mammals show great parental care, certain reptiles display parental care. Birds are well-known for their nesting habits and caring for their offspring. So, it is not a quality exclusive to reptiles.
Question 4 . Which of the following key traits is present in all Chordates at some point in their life cycle but lacking in Non-Chordates?
A) A genuine coelom (body cavity)
B) Bilateral symmetry
C) A post-anal tail
D) Triploblastic organization
C) A post-anal tail
Answer . A post anal Tail
Explanation
A true coelom (body cavity): A true coelom is present in many Non-Chordates (e.g., annelids, mollusks, arthropods) as well as all Chordates. Therefore, it is not a distinguishing feature of Chordates alone.
Bilateral symmetry: Bilateral symmetry is a common feature in many Non-Chordates (e.g., platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods) and all Chordates. Thus, it doesn't uniquely define Chordates.
A post-anal tail: A post-anal tail, a muscular tail extending beyond the anus, is a defining characteristic of Chordates at some point in their development (though it may be reduced or absent in the adult stage of some groups, like humans). This feature is absent in Non-Chordates.
Triploblastic organization: Triploblastic organization (having three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) is a characteristic shared by all Chordates and many Non-Chordates (from flatworms onwards).
Question 5: Vertebrata is a subphylum within the Phylum Chordata. Which of the following features is a defining characteristic of Vertebrates that distinguishes them from other Chordate groups (like Urochordata and Cephalochordata)?
A) Presence of a notochord
B) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal gill slits
D) A vertebral column (backbone)
Answer: D) A vertebral column (backbone)
Explanation:
Presence of a notochord: A notochord, a flexible rod providing skeletal support, is present in all Chordates at some stage. In Vertebrates, the notochord is typically replaced by or surrounded by a vertebral column during development.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord: A dorsal hollow nerve cord is another key characteristic of all Chordates. In Vertebrates, this nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord.
Pharyngeal gill slits: Pharyngeal gill slits are present in all Chordates at some point in their life cycle. In aquatic Vertebrates, these develop into gills. In terrestrial Vertebrates, they are modified into other structures during embryonic development.
A vertebral column (backbone): The vertebral column, a series of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae that provide support and protect the dorsal nerve cord, is the defining characteristic of Vertebrates. This replaces or surrounds the notochord and provides a more rigid and complex skeletal structure.
D) Fertilisation inside the body
Answer. C) Lightweight skeleton with air sacs
Explanation
Though the form and efficiency may differ, all three groups—Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia—have lungs for respiration.
Both mammals and birds have four-chambered hearts, which help them completely separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood, hence sustaining their high metabolic rates. Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart; some, like crocodiles, have a four-chambered heart.
Birds have a very particular skeletal architecture suited for flight: lightweight skeleton with air sacs. Often hollow, their bones are packed with air sacs, extensions of the respiratory system. This offers structural support and helps in effective breathing, thus much lowering their weight. Although certain reptiles have air holes in bones and mammals have air-filled sinuses in the skull, neither species has the large network of air sacs linked to a lightweight, hollow skeleton typical of birds.
Mammals, birds, and many reptiles undergo internal fertilisation. For flying, it is not a characteristic exclusive to birds.
Question 3. Which of the following is a characteristic feature commonly observed in Reptilia but not typically found in Mammalia or Aves?
A) Metabolism of endothermic
B) Laying amniotic eggs on land
C) Presence of hair or fur
D) Parental care of offspring
Answer: B) Laying shelled eggs on land (amniotic eggs)
Explanation:
Laying shelled eggs on land (amniotic eggs): While mammals evolved from amniote ancestors, most extant mammals are viviparous (give birth to live young) and have lost the shelled egg. Though they are different from the leathery or hard-shelled eggs deposited by most reptiles, birds lay shelled amniotic eggs. Reptiles are defined by depositing amniotic eggs on land with a leathery or hard shell.
Hair or fur is a distinguishing trait of mammals; it is not present in reptiles or birds; birds have feathers, which are structurially different.
Parental care of children: All three categories show different degrees of parental care. While many mammals show great parental care, certain reptiles display parental care. Birds are well-known for their nesting habits and caring for their offspring. So, it is not a quality exclusive to reptiles.
Question 4 . Which of the following key traits is present in all Chordates at some point in their life cycle but lacking in Non-Chordates?
A) A genuine coelom (body cavity)
B) Bilateral symmetry
C) A post-anal tail
D) Triploblastic organization
C) A post-anal tail
Answer . A post anal Tail
Explanation
A true coelom (body cavity): A true coelom is present in many Non-Chordates (e.g., annelids, mollusks, arthropods) as well as all Chordates. Therefore, it is not a distinguishing feature of Chordates alone.
Bilateral symmetry: Bilateral symmetry is a common feature in many Non-Chordates (e.g., platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods) and all Chordates. Thus, it doesn't uniquely define Chordates.
A post-anal tail: A post-anal tail, a muscular tail extending beyond the anus, is a defining characteristic of Chordates at some point in their development (though it may be reduced or absent in the adult stage of some groups, like humans). This feature is absent in Non-Chordates.
Triploblastic organization: Triploblastic organization (having three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) is a characteristic shared by all Chordates and many Non-Chordates (from flatworms onwards).
Question 5: Vertebrata is a subphylum within the Phylum Chordata. Which of the following features is a defining characteristic of Vertebrates that distinguishes them from other Chordate groups (like Urochordata and Cephalochordata)?
A) Presence of a notochord
B) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal gill slits
D) A vertebral column (backbone)
Answer: D) A vertebral column (backbone)
Explanation:
Presence of a notochord: A notochord, a flexible rod providing skeletal support, is present in all Chordates at some stage. In Vertebrates, the notochord is typically replaced by or surrounded by a vertebral column during development.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord: A dorsal hollow nerve cord is another key characteristic of all Chordates. In Vertebrates, this nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord.
Pharyngeal gill slits: Pharyngeal gill slits are present in all Chordates at some point in their life cycle. In aquatic Vertebrates, these develop into gills. In terrestrial Vertebrates, they are modified into other structures during embryonic development.
A vertebral column (backbone): The vertebral column, a series of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae that provide support and protect the dorsal nerve cord, is the defining characteristic of Vertebrates. This replaces or surrounds the notochord and provides a more rigid and complex skeletal structure.
Question 6: Which of the following animal groups is classified under Non-Chordata?
A) Fish
B) Amphibians
C) Insects
D) Reptiles
Answer: C) Insects
Explanation:
Fish: Fish belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, which is within the Phylum Chordata. They possess a vertebral column.
Amphibians: Amphibians also belong to the subphylum Vertebrata within the Phylum Chordata. They have a vertebral column.
Insects: Insects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda, which is a major phylum within the Invertebrates (Non-Chordata). They lack a notochord and a vertebral column.
A) Fish
B) Amphibians
C) Insects
D) Reptiles
Answer: C) Insects
Explanation:
Fish: Fish belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, which is within the Phylum Chordata. They possess a vertebral column.
Amphibians: Amphibians also belong to the subphylum Vertebrata within the Phylum Chordata. They have a vertebral column.
Insects: Insects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda, which is a major phylum within the Invertebrates (Non-Chordata). They lack a notochord and a vertebral column.
Reptiles: Reptiles belong to the subphylum Vertebrata within the Phylum Chordata. They possess a vertebral column.
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